Experiments have been and are being conducted in the field of entanglement of particles.

Two articles have been published in X archives in November 2004, one was published in March 2005, and one in November 2006.  Xarchives can be reached on the Net at: www.arxiv.org .

Paper # 1 (November 2004)

" Induced Quantum Entanglement of Nuclear Metastable States of 115In "

Abstract:
Experiments conducted in our laboratory conclusively demonstrated that at least 20% of 115In metastable states become quantum entangled (QE) during gamma photo-excitation processes where a significant fraction of the photo-excitation gamma (E > 1.02 MeV) are QE. In addition, it was found that the half-life of 115mIn populations in identical photo-excited indium foils varied as much as 70% depending on whether the 99.999% purity indium foils were photo-excited with a High Intensity 60Co Source (HICS) or a Varian CLINAC (Compact Linear Accelerator) with average energy 2 MeV and maximum energy 6 MeV Bremsstrahlung photo-excitation quanta.  Decay kinetics of 115mIn populations in indium foils demonstrate that these metastable states are primarily QE in pairs when photo-excited in the HICS apparatus and at higher orders of entanglement of triplets and possibly quadruplets when photo-excited with the CLINAC. It appears that QE gamma photons can transfer quantum entangled properties to radioactive metastable states.

Conclusion:
The data from this experiment strongly indicates that high energy gamma and Bremsstrahlung photons are entangled to various degrees.  The rationale for shorter half-lives of entangled metastable states is quite straight forward since one would expect that when two metastable states are entangled, the decay probability should double from 0.002586/min to 0.005172/min and so on for triplets, quadruplets, etc. These different probabilities are easily deconvoluted from compound exponential data with QE metastable state decay.
This photon quantum entanglement can be transferred to metastable nuclei of photo-excitable elemental metals. The data reported here demonstrate that there are multiorders of metastable state entanglement possible, depending upon the maximum photon energy available.  Since the HICS source yields gamma photons at approximately 1100 and 1300 keV, only doublets can be formed in that case. On the other hand, the CLINAC yields a maximum energy of  6 MeV photons which could theoretically create up to quintuplet QE nuclei. During the analyses of the experimental data via numerical modeling, doublets and triplets were easily observable and necessary for the constraints of the model.

Acknowledgement:
I thank Professor Robert Desbrandes (LSU emeritus from Petroleum Engineering) for his help in the experiments and their interpretation. I also thank the Veterinary School of LSU for the use of its CLINAC accelerator and the Nuclear Science Center of LSU for using its HICS Cobalt 60 source and Germanium gamma counter

The full paper can be seen at  www.arxiv.org/abs/nucl-ex/0411047  by clicking on "PDF".

Paper # 2 (November 2004)

 " Remote Stimulated Triggering of Quantum Entangled Nuclear Metastable States of 115mIn "

Abstract:
We report experiments in which two indium foils were quantum entangled via photoexcitation of stable 115In to radioactive 115mIn by utilizing Bremsstrahlung gamma photons produced by a Varian Compact Linear Accelerator (CLINAC).  After photo-excitation, remote triggering of the “master” foil with low energy gamma photons, yielded stimulated emissions of 336 keV gamma photons from quantum entangled 115mIn in the “slave” foil located up to 1600 m away from the “master” foil. These experiments strongly demonstrate that useful quantum information can be transferred through quantum channels via modulation of quantum noise (accelerated radioactive decay of 115mIn metastable nuclei). Thus, this modality of QE transmission is fundamentally different from optical QE information transfer via quantum entangled space “q-bits” as developed by information theorists for quantum channel information transfer.  Additionally, there is no obvious potential for signal degradation with increasing distance nor the problems associated with misalignment of optical information transfer systems.

Conclusion:
This experiment strongly demonstrates that useful quantum information can be transferred through quantum channels via modulation of quantum noise (accelerated radioactive decay of 115mIn). Thus, this modality of QE transmission is fundamentally different from optical QE information transfer via quantum entangled space “q-bits” as developed by information theorists for quantum channel information transfer.  Additionally, there is no obvious potential for signal degradation with increasing distance nor the problem of misalignment of optical information transfer systems Although 115mIn metastable states have a spontaneous decay half-life of 4.68 hours, other much longer-lived metastable states such as 178m2Hf with a half-life of 31 years could potentially be utilized for viable global communications.
Even though only two foils were quantum entangled per irradiation during this experiment, there is no foreseeable reason why multiple numbers of foils could not be utilized as well. If this is possible, one “master” foil could be utilized to remotely trigger multiple QE “slave” foils.

Acknowledgement:
I thank Professor Robert Desbrandes (LSU emeritus from Petroleum Engineering) for his help in the experiments and their interpretation. I also thank the Veterinary School of LSU for the use of its CLINAC accelerator and the Nuclear Science Center of LSU for using its HICS Cobalt 60 source and Germanium gamma counter.
 

The full paper can be seen at www.arxiv.org/abs/nucl-ex/0411050  by clicking on "PDF".

Paper # 3 (March 2005)

 "Remote Stimulated Triggering of Quantum Entangled Photoluminescent Molecules of Strontium Aluminate".

Abstract:
We report experiments in which two photoluminescent samples of Strontium Aluminate pigments and Zinc Sulfide pebbles were quantum entangled via photoexcitation with entangled photons from a mercury lamp and a CRT screen.  After photo-excitation, remote triggering of one of the sample with infrared (IR) photons yielded stimulated light variation from the quantum entangled other sample located 4 m away. The initial half-life of Strontium Aluminate is approximately one minute. However, molecules with a longer half-life may be found in the future. These experiments demonstrate that useful quantum information could be transferred through quantum channels via de-excitation of one sample of photoluminescent material quantum entangled with another.

Conclusion:
Although relatively crude, these experiments seem to demonstrate that useful quantum information could be transferred through quantum channels via photoluminescent pigments.  Thus, this modality of QE transmission would be fundamentally different from optical QE information transfer via quantum entangled space “q-bits” as developed by information theorists for quantum channel information transfer.  Although SrAl pigments have a rather short lifetime, of the order of days, molecules with a much longer lifetime may be found in the future.  The reported experiments were performed at a distance of 4 m, but there is no obvious potential reason for signal degradation with increasing distance according to Quantum Mechanics, nor the problem of misalignment of optical transfer systems.  Even though only two samples were quantum entangled with illumination during these experiments, there is no foreseeable reason why a multiple number of samples could not be utilized as well.  If this is possible, one “master” sample could be utilized to remotely trigger multiple QE “slave” samples.

Acknowlegement
The authors thank the E-Quantic Communications Company for sponsoring this work and for the use of the equipment in its laboratory.  They also thank LumiNova Co, subsidiary of Nemoto & Co LTD, and Metal Safe Sign International for providing samples of photoluminescent pigments.

The full paper can be seen at  www.arxiv.org/abs/physics/0503052  by clicking on "PDF".

Paper # 4 (November2006)

"Intercontinental quantum liaisons between entangled electrons in ion traps of thermoluminescent crystals".

Abstract:
The experiments reported in this paper were carried out with space-separated entangled thermoluminescent dosimetry (TLD) crystals in Baton Rouge, Louisiana (USA) and Givarlais (France) at 8,182 km between entangled samples. Samples consisted of doped lithium fluoride TLD's that were simultaneously irradiated in pairs together at one location by Bremsstrahlung radiation generated by a Varian CLINAC unit. One of the paired TLD crystals was then mailed to Baton Rouge and its entangled counterpart remained in Givarlais. The crystal in Baton Rouge (master) was then subjected to thermal stimulation which elicited a measurable light emission response in the counterpart (slave) under a photomultiplier in Givarlais. Highly correlated passive light emissions were observed in the nonheated slave TLD while the master TLD was ramped up in temperature and then allowed to cool to ambient temperature. Maximum correlations in the slave TLD light emissions were observed at the turn around temperature which is the point where the master TLD temperature is allowed to decrease. The experimenter in Girvalais was thus able to determine with high accuracy the point in time at which the master TLD heating oven was turned off (turn around point) without any communication between the experimenters during the heating-cooling phase of the experiment. The implications of these observed results are of great significance for quantum communication technology.

Conclusion:
The reported experiments are a practical implementation of the entanglement phenomenon of Quantum Mechanics. Two particles are said to be entangled when they are emitted simultaneously by the same atomic wave function, for example; photons emitted by a nucleus, or an electron, and the photons temporarily form an interactive interference pattern with one another. Such particles are quantum-connected to each other and interaction with a measurement system by one of them is “sensed” immediately by the entangled counterpart. Entanglement can be swapped between two particles and two other particles. Entangled particles, such as electrons, can be “stored” in ion traps or impurities within thermoluminescent crystal lattices and remain isolated from environmental decoherence effects in the traps for considerable amounts of time. Electrons can be forced to leave these traps and then drop down to their respective ground state energies in the crystal lattice by thermal heating or by stimulated luminescence. An entangled electron dropping out of its ion trap will go through spin transitions which affect its entangled counterpart electron by reason of spin conservation laws such that it becomes favorable for the counterpart electron to exit its trap as a result, emitting some light while dropping to ground state, at whatever distances  the traps are located from one another. Since traps can be entangled even though present in separate crystal lattices, such samples can be separated by a large distance and the entangled electrons still be connected until perturbed by thermal heating of the crystal lattice containing one of the trapped entangled electron pairs. It appears that the trapped entangled electrons escape only at discrete and unique temperature values, thus allowing the same glow curve response (although much less intense than the heated crystal) to be recorded for each non-heated thermoluminescent crystal when the temperature of the heated crystal lattice is increased and decreased. These experiments amply demonstrate that:
- Bremsstrahlung gamma ray or X photons are entangled,
- The entangled photons can transfer their entanglement to particles (electrons)
- swapping entanglement between particles is possible and does occur,
- entangled particles can be “stored” as wave functions in ion traps that behave as QED cavities within thermoluminescent materials,
- environmental decoherence appears extremely feeble within ion traps containing entangled electrons since the heating and measurement experiments were conducted over one month after co-irradiation of separate TLD chips,
- entangled electrons appear to exit the traps only at very discrete and characteristic temperatures during temperature increase and not in accord with the Arrhenius equation which dictates that ordinary electron traps empty as a function of a continuum of release temperatures.  This is a significant finding of this experiment which should provide quantitative clues for the interaction mechanisms involved in entangled electrons within ion traps
- slave chip (non-heated entangled counterpart crystal) glow curves correlate for the crystal lattice temperature increasing and then decreasing via cooling (temperature turn around point) in a very symmetrical and systematic way,
- quantum liaisons can be established between locations situated 8,182 km apart.

Remarks:
Due to the significance of these results, we would like to encourage other serious investigators to repeat these experiments. Please contact either or both of the authors via email or otherwise if you would like to replicate these experiments in order to obtain CLINAC irradiated TLDs, etc.

Acknowledgment:
The authors  thank E-Quantic Communications SARL-ACV for funding this research. Many thanks to the Centre de Radiothérapie Joseph Belot of the Saint François clinic of Montluçon for irradiating the chips.

Note:
Colored pictures of the curves Figures 8 and 9 of the article can be seen as well as the photographs of the various steps of the experiments by clicking HERE . Many new successful tests have been run since the publication. Two of them are presented.

Abstract can be seen by clincking  http://www.arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0611109 .
Complete text can be seen in English on http://www.arxiv.org/ftp/quant-ph/papers/0611/0611109.pdf
A  French text corrected by the author can be seen by clicking HERE.
A  German text corrected by a native German can be seen by clicking HERE
Machine translations are available in Spanish, Italian, Japanese, Dutch, Portuguese, Russian, and Chinese by clicking on the corresponding link.
Note:
The machine translations have not been corrected by native speakers of these languages.
If anyone feels like correcting some of the translations, he or she is welcome. Just send your e-mail address to:
rdesbrandes(alice)@(bob)e-quantic.com , delete alice, bob, and parenthesis.
I will e-mail a Word version of the paper in the chosen language.
Thanks in advance.