The Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen paradox (EPR, 1935) [1,2,3,4] is about the fact that, in Quantum Mechanics, when two or more particles are emitted by the same object, they have a common quantum wave function. They are related to one another even if they are separated by a large distance and some of their properties are not determined. We say then that they are “entangled”. For example, the polarization of two entangled photons is not determined. When a measurement is done to measure the polarization of one of them, the polarization of the other is instantaneously determined even if they are separated with kilometers. This has been verified experimentally [5,6,7].
Two fundamental questions
then occur:
1 / What is the
mechanism by which the second particle “knows” what is happening to the
first one?
2 / Why do we have
an instantaneous action between particles, which contradicts General Relativity?
In 1935, Einstein thought that the theory of Quantum Mechanics was not complete and that an answer to these questions will be found. Now, the two theories have been convincingly verified and the paradox is still with us. Besides the scientific articles mentioned below, some documents for the general public are also available [8,9].
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The experiments carried out concern the transmission of entanglement from entangled particles to other particles. Various processes and apparatus for industrial applications have been patented based on the following experiments.
Experiments were conducted with the entangled gamma produced by a cascade during the Cobalt 60 nuclei disintegration. This entanglement property of said gamma had never been reported or used as such, prior to our experiments. When these gamma collide with Indium 115 nuclei, the Indium 115 nuclei become excited and entangled as can be seen with the lowering of the half life of these nuclei [10].
The Bremsstralung phenomenon in the linear accelerator CLINAC also produces entangled gamma but in a much greater number. This entanglement property had never been reported or used as such prior to our experiments. Indium 115 nuclei also get entangled under a beam of gamma from the CLINAC accelerator. The half life decreases even more than with Cobalt 60.
A good understanding of the Bremsstrahlung phenomenon can be seen in the Java display available in a site of the Physics department of the University of Colorado. The emission of many X or gamma photons, quasi simultaneously, is clearly depicted.
Two or more samples can be irradiated together in the CLINAC beam and can be separated in space. The gamma emission of metastable Indium 115 thus excited, can be stimulated as is well known. Now, stimulating one of the sample triggers the emission of the other sample [11]. An example of test is shown in which three samples of Indium 115, irradiated together under a CLINAC beam, were used: one was placed in a Germanium Gamma detector, a second one was placed under a Beta detector, and the third, located 12 meters away, was periodically stimulated with an Iron 55 source A fair increase of the signals can be seen both in the Gamma recording and the Beta recording during the stimulation periods. A second example of test was made with two excited foils of In115, 1.6 km. apart
Two or more samples of photoluminescent material such as doped Strontium Aluminate can be excited together with entangled photons of Ultra Violet light. Such photons can be produced by an atomic cascade, by Bremsstrahlung, or with non-linear crystals such as BBO. In the case of photoluminescent materials, the stimulation can be produced with Infra-red light. Again, stimulating one sample triggers a change in the luminosity of the other sample [12].
Two or more samples of thermoluminescent material such as doped Lithium fluoride can be excited together with entangled gamma. Such gamma can be produced by Bremsstrahlung, in an electron accelerator such as a CLINAC. Stimulating one sample located in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA, triggers a change in the luminosity of the other sample located in Givarlais, France [13]. One discovery useful to validate the signals is that the signal recorded when the temperature increases is repeated when the temperature decreases. Many successful tests have been done between Baton Rouge and Givarlais in 2006, but also between Stillwater, Oklahoma, and Givarlais in 2007, some of them with samples irradiated with X ray. Several successful tests were recorded with the same set of X ray irradiated samples, thus proving the extreme robustness of the entanglement in solid state traps.
References:
[1] Einstein A., Podolsky B., Rosen N, Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete ? Physical Review, 47, 777-780, May 15,1935.
[2]
Bell J.S., On the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Paradox, Physics, 1, 195,
1965.
Note: This reference is difficult
to find, the article is reprinted in Ref. 3.
[3] Bell J.S., Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics, Cambridge University Press,1988.
[4] Le Bellac M., Physique Quantique, Collection « Savoir Naturel », EDPSciences, 2003.[5] Vienna University (Innsbruck Campus), (book in French).
[5] University of Vienna
http://www.quantum.univie.ac.at/zeilinger/
[6] Université de Genève,
http://www.gap-optique.unige.ch/ See in particular : « Bell inequalities violation by photons more than 10 km apart. »
http://www.gap-optique.unige.ch/Members/Nicolas/Resume.htm
[7] Various
http://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~crepeau/CRYPTO/Biblio-QC.html
http://greenspun.com/boohoo/related.tcl?page_id=qcr%2din%2dnorway
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qt-entangle/
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/bell-theorem/#7
For more links, see Google
or other search engine at "entanglement" or "cryptography" or "teleportation".
General Public Références:
[8] Shimony A., The reality of the Quantum World, Scientific American, Jan. 1988, p. 46.
[9] Herbert Nick, Quantum Reality, Anchor Books, NY, 1985. (excellent book).
Experiment references
[10]
Induced Quantum Entanglement of Nuclear Metastable States of 115m
In, by Daniel L Van Gent in collaboration
with Robert Desbrandes.
Full paper at www.arxiv.org/abs/nucl-ex/0411047
[11]
Remote Stimulated Triggering of Quantum Entangled Nuclear Metastable States
of 115m In, by
Daniel L Van Gent in
collaboration with Robert Desbrandes.
Full paper at www.arxiv.org/abs/nucl-ex/0411050
[12]
Remote Stimulated Triggering of Quantum Entangled Photoluminescent Molecules
of Strontium Aluminate, by Daniel L Van Gent and
Robert
Desbrandes.
Full paper at www.arxiv.org/abs/physics/0503052
[13] Intercontinental quantum liaisons between entangled electrons in ion traps of thermoluminescent crystals
